作者/Author(s): Choi Kang and Peter K. Lee 

網站來源/Source: War on the Rocks 

日期/Date: 01/12/2024 

關鍵字/Keywords: 海軍、同盟 

摘要：

美國現在開始面臨海軍造船的問題。中國擁有最大的海軍平台，而且還在持續擴大，而美國卻還維持目前的艦隊規模。中國船隻主要集中在西太平洋，而美國海軍則分散在全球，這也讓中國在西太平洋地區享有海軍的不對稱優勢。此外，美國的保護主義政策也限制了其與盟國合作造船和與中國競爭的能力。如果印太地區真的爆發海上衝突，這些問題都將決定美國如何應對中國。 
 

中國的海軍優勢 

  • 中國擁有龐大的造船商業和國防工業基礎。相比之下，美國的造船能力明顯低於中國、韓國和日本。
  • 美國缺乏強大的商業造船業，導致他們也缺乏建造尖端艦艇所需的人才。 
  • 美國在中東進行反恐戰爭的同時，中國也建立了反介入/區域拒止（A2/AD）能力，擴大解放軍的作戰區域，將美國推離中國海域。
盟國造船的國內障礙 
  • 為了應對中國造船的挑戰，美國正試圖增加艦艇採購、擴大國內造船能力，並將新技術融入海軍體系中。 
  • 美國可以與其盟友合作，加強和加快其造船目標。然而，國內法律和出口管制制度限制了美國與盟國領先國防公司之間的互動。 
美國盟友可以提供哪些幫助 
  • 美國應考慮利用盟國的工業能力優勢來加強自身的造船業。例如，韓國已向美國其他盟國提供關鍵造船材料，並為一些印太地區國家建造船舶，成功證明了自己的海事造船能力。 
  1. 美國可以探索與盟友之間進行集體造船的新作法。 
  2. 美國應該考慮利用盟友的造船廠進行美國艦艇的維護、修理和翻新。 
  3. 美國應該與盟友合作，進行新技術和先進製造研發。 
 
Summary: 
The US has a naval shipbuilding problem. China has the largest naval platforms and is still growing while the US will maintain its current fleet. China also has an asymmetric naval advantage as its ships are concentrated in the Western Pacific while the US Navy is dispersed worldwide. Further, the US's protectionist policies constrain its capability to cooperate with its allies in shipbuilding and compete with China. These problems will determine how the US would fare against China if naval warfare breaks out in the Indo-Pacific. 

China's Naval Advantage 
  • China has a large commercial and defense industrial base for shipbuilding. In contrast, the US has significantly less capacity than China, South Korea, and Japan.  
  • The US also lacks the workforce required to build advanced ships due to the absence of a strong commercial shipbuilding industry. 
  • While the US is distracted by the War on Terror in the Middle East, China built its anti-access/area denial capabilities to expand the PLA's operation area and push the US further from the Chinese seas. 
Domestic Barriers to Allied Shipbuilding 
  • The US is attempting to meet the challenge of Chinese shipbuilding by increasing ship procurement, expanding domestic shipbuilding capacities, and integrating new technologies into its navy. 
  • The US could enhance and hasten its shipbuilding aims by collaborating with its allies. However, domestic legislation and export control regimes limit the interactions between the US and leading defense companies in allied countries. 
How the US Allies Can Help 
  • The US should consider using the advantage of its allies' industrial capabilities to enhance its shipbuilding. For instance, South Korea has proven its capabilities by supplying key shipbuilding materials to other US allies and building vessels for some Indo-Pacific countries. ​​​​​​​
  1. The US could explore new initiatives for collective shipbuilding among allies. 
  2. The US should consider using allied shipyards to maintain, repair, and overhaul its ships. 
  3. The US should cooperate in the research and development of new technologies and advanced manufacturing with its allies. 
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