作者/Author(s): Jill Goldenziel and Daniel Grant 

網站來源/Source: War on the Rocks 

日期/Date: 11/15/2023 

關鍵字/Keywords: 資訊戰、假訊息、國際法 

摘要：

眾所周知，中國通過西方社交媒體平台提升影響立，改善外國對中國的看法，攻擊批評中國共產黨的人士，貶低美國及其盟友。雖然美國把這些錯誤資訊和虛假資訊視為對其民主體制的威脅，但卻沒有採取什麼措施來應對這些危險。美國應加強法治，提高資訊韌性，保護自身及盟友免受對手影響。 

  • 國際法是美國和理念相近國家之間的緊密約束力。然而，大多數美國盟友缺乏對國家和國際安全至關重要的法律問題知識。因此，當敵人歪曲和破壞國際秩序時，他們無法維護自己的權利。   
  • 極權政權的假訊息宣傳活動，破壞了人們對美國法律承諾和合法性的信任程度，也削減了人民對國際法秩序和民主原則的信心。 
  • 中國利用假訊息詆毀美國的全球聲譽。此外，中國還透過法律戰或其偏好的話語來解釋國際法，為其行動辯解。 
  • 中國公然侵犯鄰國領土或聲稱具有管轄權等行為也違反國際法規，不遵守《聯合國海洋法公約》的規定，但中國卻利用法律戰辯解，將其行為合理化。 
  • 美國及其盟國應建立更強大的資訊韌性，建立快速反應機制，有效反擊錯誤資訊和假消息，並加強對基於秩序的國際法之共同理解。 
  • 美國首要的任務，是改革其跨部會機構協調，才能增強反制虛假資訊宣傳活動的能力。 
  • 美國可以制定培訓計劃，在加強民主原則的同時培養盟國的資訊能力，並與軍方和執法機構合作，建立對不同主題的共同理解。 
  • 美國應建立一個具法律和資訊行動知識的軍事外交部門，與其盟國密切合作。 
 
Summary: 
China is known to conduct influence operations through Western social media platforms, focusing on improving the foreign perception of China, attacking critics of the CCP, and disparaging the US and its allies. Although the US identified misinformation and disinformation as threats to its democratic institution, it did little to address the dangers. The US should foster information resilience by reinforcing the rule of law to protect itself and its allies from adversaries' influence operations. 
  • International law is what binds the US and like-minded states. However, most US allies lack the training to identify legal issues critical to national and international security. Therefore, they cannot assert their rights when enemies distort and undermine the international order.  
  • Disinformation campaigns by authoritarian regimes undermine confidence in the international legal order and democratic principles by sabotaging perceptions of US commitment to law and legitimacy. 
  • China used disinformation campaigns to tarnish the US's global reputation. Further, China justifies its actions through lawfare or interpreting international laws based on its preferred discourse. 
  • China also blatantly violates international law by intruding on its neighbors' territories or asserting jurisdiction as opposed to the prescription in the UNCLOS but justified its actions as within the limits of international law. 
  • The US and its allies should build stronger information resilience, impose fast-action mechanisms to counter misinformation and disinformation, and reinforce the shared understanding of international law, which is the basis of the rule-based order. 
  • The US should start by reforming its interagency coordination that limits the US's ability to respond to or counter disinformation campaigns. 
  • The US can create training programs that foster allies' information capabilities while reinforcing democratic principles. It would develop a shared understanding across different topics with military and law enforcement partners. 
  • The US should create a division of military and diplomatic officers equipped with law and information operations knowledge with its allies. 
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