2/7?

作者/Author(s): Hal Brands 

網站來源/Source: Foreign Policy 

日期/Date: September 8, 2023 

關鍵字/Keywords: Deterrence, Defense 
 

看向光明的一面 

  • 美國大大改善了其與印太地區盟友之間的關係,這可能會取得勝利。 此外,盟友們也制定了國防政策,允許美國擴大軍事力量投射,進行更密切的國防合作。 
  • 雖然美國與其盟友關係對中國來說很有嚇阻力,但如果發生衝突,這些聯盟之間也存在不確定性。 例如,美國不確定在戰鬥中可以使用哪個基地,有些盟國也沒有公開承諾會共同保衛台灣。 從歷史上看,鬆散的聯盟或較新結成的聯盟可能無法防止戰爭爆發。 
  • 美國的全球制裁活動具有類似的軌跡。許多美國盟友在防止台灣海峽衝突方面有相關利益,但有些人不願意加入美國對中國的預防嚇阻措施。 
  • 與此同時,中國觀察到美國全球制裁活動的影響有限,這些制裁只能威脅到俄羅斯的經濟,但並未摧毀其經濟。因此,中國正在努力減少其經濟脆弱性,以減緩美國制裁帶來的負面潛在影響。 

沒有核邊緣策略

  • 然美國擁有更大、更強的核武能力,但在台海衝突中,它不太可能使用這些武器,尤其是在中國可能會用升級核武庫進行報復的情況下。然而,美國必須制止中國使用核升級作為威脅。 
  • 雖然美國宣布他們不會與核武大國打常規戰爭,但中國仍可能利用核武作為脅迫手段。習近平更希望防止誤判,避免核戰爆發。 

最終的判斷與想法 

  • 雖然美國正逐步推動台灣往嚇阻戰略進行武裝,但進展緩慢。 
  • 然有一些分析師認為美國應放棄烏克蘭,將裝備武器轉運輸到台灣,但若貿然失信於保衛民主國家,會削弱美國與其盟國的嚇阻力量。 
  • 俄烏危機迫使印太國家增加國防開支,強化聯盟關係,重振美國國防工業基地。 然而,美國國內的限制因素和拒絕合作之夥伴將阻礙這些努力。 
  • 儘管台海危機的發生時間是由人決定的,有時也會過分思考,但其也是真的具有緊迫性的危機。因此,美國及其盟友必須在嚇阻中國方面付出更大、更快的努力。

Looking on the Bright Side 

  • The US significantly improved the bonds among its allies in the Indo-Pacific region that may win. Further, allies underwent defense policy, allowed the US to expand its military projection, and engaged in closer mutual defense cooperation. 
  • Although the coalition is intimidating to China, there are uncertainties if a conflict arises. For instance, the US is unsure which base it can use during combat, and some allies have not publicly committed to Taiwan's defense. Historically, a loose coalition or late commitment to an alliance may fail to prevent a war. 
  • The US's global sanctions campaign has a similar trajectory. Many US allies share a similar interest in preventing a Taiwan Strait conflict, but some are reluctant to join the US's preventive deterrence measures against China. 
  • In the meantime, China observed the limited impact of the US's global sanction campaign that endangered Russia's economy but did not decimate it. Therefore, China is racing to reduce its economic vulnerabilities to mitigate the potential effects of US sanctions. 

Lack of Nuclear Brinkmanship 

  • Although the US has larger and better nuclear capabilities, it would unlikely use them in the Taiwan conflict, especially when China could retaliate with its atomic arsenals. Yet, the US must dissuade China from using nuclear escalation as a threat. 
  • Despite the US declaring it would not fight a conventional war against nuclear power, China may still use nuclear weapons for coercive leverage. Xi would prefer to prevent miscalculation and avoid the blowout of a nuclear war. 

Final Thoughts 

  • Although the US is moving in the correct direction to equip Taiwan for deterrence, it is slow. 
  • While some analysts believe the US should abandon Ukraine and shift weapons transfer to Taiwan, a lack of commitment to defend a fellow democracy will undermine any deterrence effort. 
  • The Ukrainian Crisis compelled Indo-Pacific countries to increase their defense spending, foster closer alliance, and reinvigorate the US defense industrial base. Yet, domestic constraints and reluctant partners will hamper deterrence efforts. 
  • Although the timeline for the Taiwan Crisis is artificial and sometimes overthought, its urgency is real. Therefore, the US and its allies must commit more and faster in deterring China.