CSIS:中國侵台的替代方案。第一部分:軍事入侵以外的手段

作者/Author(s): Benjamin Jensen, Adrian Bogart, and Riley McCabe 

原文來源/Source: CSIS 

日期/Date: 10/07/2022 

主題/Key Topics : Military 

摘要:

雖然中國在裴洛西訪台後就發起圍台軍演作為報復手段,但這並不代表他們馬上就要侵台。反而,他們正在利用這種方式脅迫台灣屈服,也測試其他西方國家的反映。雖然已經有很多戰爭沙盤推演,讓我們知道了中國大規模軍事入侵台灣的效果。但本報告參考歷史案例,探討了北京可能用來迫使台灣投降的非軍事 替代方案。 

 

方案(歷史案例) 

目標 

方法 

備註 

政治戰(1948年美國在義大利選舉中的政治戰) 

  • 破壞台灣的總統與立委選舉 

  • 說服台灣人在同意在2049年之前與中國和平統一 

  • 在社交媒體上使用黑色宣傳,抹黑支持台獨的政治家,分裂台灣人 

  • 散佈錯誤的資訊。例如告訴人民,若中國侵台,美國不會援助台灣 

  • 通過第三方注資親中國的智庫和政黨,公開促進統一 

  • 雖然台灣人可能可以無視中國的MDM(錯誤訊息、虛假訊息、誤導訊息)戰術,但他們會抑制台灣人對選舉的興趣,並在台灣政治機構中造成不信任。 

用核武勒索 

(1961年的Note Crisis 

當時蘇聯警告芬蘭不守規定的潛在代價) 

  • 就外部干預的風險向台灣發出明確信號 

  • 警告台灣人不遵守中國要求的潛在代價 

  • 阻止任何台灣政黨與其他國家進行軍事或外交接觸 

  • 向台北發送密函,警告其不可 

  • 與西方進行更密切的互動,然後進行大氣層核試驗 

  • 警告台灣,核試爆是中國一定會做的,以回應西方支持台灣獨立的立場 

  • 阻止西方對台海地區的干預 

  • 用核武威脅可能會讓台灣的政治領導人和公民感到沮喪,將台灣進一步推向支持獨立和反中國的立場 

圍困台灣 

(1948-1949: 柏林空運) 

  • 切斷台灣與其夥伴的通訊 

  • 使台灣的報復和外國干涉變得很困難 

  • 為中國創造政治、外交和軍事優勢 

  • 切斷台灣與世界的數字通訊 

  • 隔離台灣海空交通線 

  • 在台灣和世界其他地區進行MDM (錯誤訊息、虛假訊息、誤導訊息)行動,打亂他們的資訊源和看法 

  • 儘管阻斷台灣對外管道對中國來說成本和風險相對較低,但這會給中國帶來世界的經濟制裁衝擊 

  • 誤判或意外使用武力可能會加劇緊張局勢 

禁區 

(1984-1988:兩伊戰爭中的油輪戰) 

  • 控制台灣周圍的海域,從而切斷台灣的補給線 

  • 截查進台貨物 

  • 攻擊拒絕檢查或可能是為台灣運送軍事支援和重要物資的船隻 

  • 在封鎖區內,中國可以根據世界的反應更靈活處理事件 

  • 美方可能護航艦艇進入台灣,誤擊美方護航艦艇後果不明 

空襲和飛彈戰 

(1999: 盟軍行動) 

  • 改變台灣政治領導人的政治算盤 

  • 考驗西方的決心 

  • 中國將發動有限的飛彈攻擊,以展示其火箭能力,在打擊軍事和政治機構的同時,進行網絡和電子攻擊 

  • 北京需要謹慎選擇時機和目標 

  • 台北可能會對中國大陸發起反擊 

斬首行動 

(1968: 青瓦臺事件) 

  • 暗殺台灣的政治和軍事領導人 

  • 癱瘓台灣的政治和軍事決策機構 

  • 解放軍組織特種作戰部隊對台灣軍隊進行電子戰 

  • 滲透台灣以控制機場和海港,然後突襲和破壞台北的重要政府和軍事機構 

  • 在高度城市化的台灣進行滲透和滲透操作極其困難 

 

 

Summary: 

Although China launched large-scale military exercises around Taiwan island as retaliation for Nancy Pelosi’s visit, it does not mean an imminent invasion of Taiwan. Instead, China is coercing Taiwan into submission and testing the will of other Western countries. While most war games simulate the effect of a large-scale military invasion of Taiwan, this report explores the non-military alternatives that Beijing may use to compel Taiwan to surrender by referring to historical cases. 

 

Alternative Scenario 

(Historical Cases) 

Aim(s) 

Means 

Caveats 

Political Warfare 

(1948: U.S. Political Warfare in Italian Elections) 

  • Sabotage future Taiwan’s presidential and legislative election. 

  • Influence Taiwanese to support reunification with China by 2049. 

  • Use black propaganda on social media platforms to smear pro-independence politicians, thus creating divisions among Taiwanese. 

  • Spread misinformation that the U.S. will not come to Taiwan’s aid if China invades. 

  • Fund pro-China political parties or think tanks through a third party to publicly promote China reunification. 

  • Although the Taiwanese may ignore China’s MDM (misinformation, disinformation, misinformation) tactics, it can dampen Taiwanese interest in elections and create distrust among Taiwanese political institutions. 

Nuclear Blackmail 

(1961: The Note Crisis- Soviet Union warning Finland on the potential costs of non-compliance) 

  • Send a clear signal to Taiwan on the risks of external intervention. 

  • Warn the Taiwanese on the potential cost of non-compliance with China’s demands.  

  • Deter any Taiwanese political party from conducting military or diplomatic engagement with other countries. 

  • Send a secret note to Taipei warning against closer interaction with the West, then conduct an atmospheric nuclear test. 

  • Warn Taiwan the nuclear test is a must as a response to pro-independence dialogue with the west. 

  • Discourage intervention from the West in the region. 

  • Nuclear blackmail may frustrate Taiwan’s political leaders and citizens, pushing Taiwan further into pro-independence and anti-China stances. 

Quarantine 

(1948-1949: Berlin Airlift) 

  • Sever Taiwan’s communication from its partners. 

  • Complicate Taiwan’s retaliation and foreign intervention. 

  • Create political, diplomatic, and military advantage for China. 

  • Cut Taiwan’s digital communication from the world. 

  • Isolate Taiwan’s air and sea lines of communication.  

  • Launch MDM campaigns in Taiwan and rest of the world to complicate their perspectives. 

  • Although quarantine is relatively low-cost and low risk for China, it will deliver economic shockwaves to itself and the world.  

  • Miscalculation or accidental use of force may escalate tensions. 

Exclusion Zones 

(1984-1988: The Tanker War) 

  • Exert control over sea- space around Taiwan, thus cutting supplies to the island. 

  • Stopping and checking cargoes going into Taiwan. 

  • Attacking ships that refuses inspection or deemed carrying military support and critical supplies for Taiwan. 

  • China can be flexible in exclusion zone depending on the world’s rection. 

  • The US may escort ships into Taiwan, therefore the consequences of accidental attack on US escort ships are unknown. 

Air and Missile Campaign 

(1999: Operation Allied Force) 

  • Change the political calculus of Taiwanese political leaders. 

  • Testing the West’s resolve. 

  • China will launch limited missile attacks to demonstrate its rocket capabilities, hitting military and political institutions alongside with cyber and electronic attacks. 

  • Beijing needs to choose the timing and target carefully. 

  • Taipei may launch counterattacks on China mainland. 

Decapitation Raid 

(1968: Blue House Raid) 

  • Assassinate Taiwan’s political and military leaders. 

  • Paralyze Taiwan’s political and military decision-making institution.  

  • PLA organized its Special Operation Forces to conduct electronic warfare on Taiwan’s military. 

  • Infiltrate Taiwan to control airfield and seaport, then raid and sabotage key government and military institutions in Taipei. 

  • Infiltration and exfiltration operation in a highly urbanized Taiwan is extremely difficult.