作者/Author(s): Yasheng Huang 

原文來源/Source: Foreign Affairs 

日期/Date: September 25, 2023 

關鍵字/Keywords: Economic 


摘要：
中國的決策制定者和學者倡導認為，他們的專制和中央集權經濟帶來了強大的經濟增長和政治穩定，這種說法無疑是挑戰了西方的自由市場經濟和政治體制。雖然中國的制度帶來了經濟奇蹟，但習近平對中國經濟的鐵腕控制導致經濟增長緩慢和資本外逃，這與經濟國家主義的成功背道而馳。
  •  中國將其經濟成就歸功於中央集權制，但事實並非如此。在鄧小平推動經濟改革時期，他開放了中國市場，減少政府對經濟的控制。因此，推動中國經濟強勁增長的是經濟自由主義。 
  • 市場化程度最高、政府干預最少的國家經濟發展通常較為強勁。相比之下，政府干預較多的國家債務較高，經濟增長率較低。
  • 經典經濟學理論表明，企業家需要強有力的產權和安全保障才能為國家提供有利的經濟增長環境，在鄧小平的領導下，中國的確擁有這種環境。而習近平在其治內大幅疏遠了中國資本家以及那些反對他的人。因此，越來越多中國資本家不願在國內投資，逐漸轉移其資本到國外。 
  • 雖然香港是中國的一部分，但其經濟在 2020 年之前一直非常優秀，當時它保留了財產權、新聞自由和法治，從而營造了理想的商業環境。中國投資者將資金投入香港，享受法律保護和資產安全，然後再轉回中國。以香港為基地的外國投資者也為中國高科技初創企業的發展提供了資金支持。因此，經濟自由化推動了中國的創業熱潮，而當前的國家主義則破壞了這一熱潮，阻礙了中國的經濟增長。 
  • 中國在1990末和 2008 年的經濟增長增加了政府的儲蓄和收入，使中國能夠建設更多大型基礎設施。然而，中國專家卻反過來說，基礎設施建設有助於經濟增長。這種說法是站不住腳的，因為基礎設施建設使中國債台高築，並惡化了其他社會經濟方面。 
 
Suammry：
Chinese policymakers and scholars championed that their autocratic and centralized economy had brought them strong economic growth and political stability, challenging Western liberal economics and politics. Although the Chinese system brought an economic miracle, Xi's tightening iron grip over the Chinese economy led to slow economic growth and capital flights, contradicting the success of economic statism. 
  • China credited its economic success to its statism, but that was not the case. During Deng's economic reform period, he liberalized the Chinese market and reduced government control over the economy. Therefore, economic liberalism, not statism, drove China's strong economic growth. 
  • Counties that are most market-oriented and have the least state interventionism have a robust economy. In contrast, counties with higher state intervention have high debt and lower economic growth rates. 
  • Classic economic theory shows that entrepreneurs need strong property rights and security to give the country conducive economic growth, which China had only during Deng's leadership. Further, Xi estranged Chinese capitalists during his rule, especially those who spoke up against him. Therefore, the Chinese capitalists were reluctant to invest in China and are moving their capital abroad. 
  • Although Hong Kong is part of China, its economy was exceptional until 2020, when it preserved property rights, press freedom, and the rule of law that enabled a desirable business environment. Chinese investors pour their capital into Hong Kong to enjoy legal protections and asset security before rechanneling it back to China. Foreign investors based in Hong Kong also helped fund Chinese high-tech startup growth. Therefore, economic liberalization drove the Chinese entrepreneurship boom, while the current statism undermines it and impedes Chinese economic growth. 
  • China's economic growth in the late 1990s and 2008 increased government savings and revenues, enabling China to build impressive infrastructure. Yet, Chinese experts claimed the other way round, where infrastructure building helped economic growth. The claim is refutable as infrastructure building has put China in serious indebtedness and deteriorated other socioeconomic aspects. 
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