作者：Lunting Wu
來源：The Diplomat
日期：Jul 11, 2023
 

運作差別：

  • 部門安排：
    • 中國國家發展和改革委員會監督大部分有關一帶一路(BRI)的政策。然而，其他機構和國家行為體也有不同的動機參與一帶一路項目，導致其整體運作失去組織性。
    • 中國外交部負責大部分全球發展倡議(GDI)之相關文件。而中國國家國際發展合作署，則是中國對外援助的協調機構，負責執行有關減貧、糧食安全、氣候行動和數位經濟等重要項目。
  • 國際合作：
    • 一帶一路更像是中國和接收國之間的雙邊安排。
    • 全球發展倡議則強調多邊主義和與民間社會的互動。它廣泛地與國際組織協調項目實施和建立多邊平台。
  • 議題領域：
    • 由於國內經濟、貸款償還、經濟回報率低以及對一帶一路項目的各種抱怨等問題，中國在基礎設施融資方面變得更加謹慎。
    • 全球發展倡議更看重軟實力及永續的發展。
  • 財務融資方案：
    • 一帶一路多從中國政策銀行、商業銀行、多國開發銀行和主權財富基金中獲得資金。融資結構基本上是補助和貸款的混合體。
    • 全球發展倡議的資金主要來自於「全球發展和南南合作基金（GDSSCF）」之補助款。該基金也解決了先前各國對中國一帶一路不透明借貸程序的批評。
  • 安全概念：
    • 一帶一路沒有正式的安全概念，但全球發展倡議有另外兩個並行的計劃：全球安全倡議和全球文明倡議。
    • 整體而言，這些中國在發展、安全和文化方面的倡議，正逐步挑戰西方自由主義的規範。

Operationalization Differences:

  • Ministerial arrangement:
    • China's National Development and Reform Commission oversees most BRI-related policies. However, other institutions and state actors participated in the BRI with different motives, making the BRI disorganized.
    • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs circulates most GDI-related documents. The China International Development Cooperation Agency, a coordinating agency for Chinese foreign aid, will execute crucial projects on poverty reduction, food security, climate actions, and the digital economy.
  • International cooperation:
    • BRI was more of a bilateral arrangement between China and recipient countries.
    • GDI emphasizes multilateralism and engagement with civil society. It extensively coordinates with international organizations in project implementation and establishing multilateral platforms.
  • Issue Areas:
    • China became more careful about infrastructure financing due to problems in the domestic economy, loan repayment, low economic returns, and various complaints about the projects.
    • GDI focuses on producing the soft aspects for development and a sustainable future.
  • Financing scheme:
    • BRI obtains funds from Chinese policy banks, commercial banks, multinational development banks, and sovereign wealth funds. The financing structure is a mix of grants and loans.
    • GDI gets its funding from the Global Development and South-South Cooperation Fund (GDSSCF) through grants. It addresses the criticisms of previous Chinese corrupt and intransparent lending practices.
  • Security Concepts:
    • BRI does not have formal security concepts, but the GDI has two other parallel initiatives: Global Security Initiative and Global Civilization Initiative.
    • Altogether, this collection of Chinese initiatives in development, security, and cultural aspects challenges the Western norm of liberalism.

 
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