作者/Author(s): Emily Ferris 

原文來源/Source: Foreign Policy 

日期/Date: 04/22/2022 

主題/Key Topics: Railroad, logistics 

摘要:

俄羅斯的鐵路擁有悠久的歷史。俄羅斯大量地仰賴鐵路，因為其幅員遼闊，人口稀少，商業和軍事的地理條件具有挑戰性。俄羅斯軍方擁有輔助鐵路部隊，專門負責守衛和維護鐵路，在戰時協助、運輸和補給地面部隊。儘管如此，俄羅斯在俄烏危機仍面臨後勤噩夢。
 

• 俄羅斯對鐵路的過度依賴及無力佔領關鍵的後勤物流樞紐，導致其在戰爭中後繼無力。
• 俄羅斯軍隊必須使用公路來替代鐵路。然而，俄羅斯軍隊無法在沒有燃料和食品供應的情況下將戰線推遠，也無法冒險穿越基輔的泥濘地形，最終放棄了許多軍用車輛。 
• 俄羅斯的軍用車輛維護不足，很難維修或用民用車輛的零件替換。 
• 烏克蘭早早切斷了俄烏之間的鐵路線，以阻止俄羅斯補給物資。
• 俄羅斯軍隊後勤存在管理不善的跡象，尤其是口糧過期和士兵缺乏合適的住所。 
• 白俄羅斯是俄羅斯的親密盟友，可以通過共享鐵路網和提供非作戰的支持來緩解俄羅斯的問題。 
• 俄羅斯使用白俄羅斯-烏克蘭鐵路線補給，並將受傷或陣亡的士兵運回俄羅斯。然而，部分立場不同的白俄羅斯公民破壞了鐵路線，阻礙了俄羅斯的戰爭作為。 
• 隨著烏克蘭軍隊將入侵者推回敖德薩，如果俄羅斯能夠確保敖德薩的鐵路起點及其周圍的通訊線路，則其後勤問題將能夠得到緩解。

• Russia’s overreliance on railways and inability to capture critical logistical hubs hamper its war efforts in Ukraine. 
• Russian forces must use roads as an alternative to railways. However, Russia’s forces cannot push far from its captured hubs without fuel and food supplies and cannot venture across Kyiv’s muddy terrains, eventually abandoning many military vehicles. 
• Russian military vehicles are inadequately maintained and are hard to repair or replace with civilian vehicle parts. 
• Ukraine severed railway lines between Russia and Ukraine early to stop Russia from resupplying and exhausting its supplies. 
• There are signs of mismanagement in Russia’s army logistics, especially with expired ration supplies and a lack of suitable accommodation for soldiers. 
• Belarus, a close Russian ally, can alleviate Russia’s problems by sharing its railway network and providing non-combat support.  
• Russia used Belarus-Ukraine railway lines to resupply and carry injured or deceased soldiers back to Russia. However, unwilling Belarussian citizens sabotaged the railway lines, impeding Russia’s war efforts.
• As the Ukrainian army pushes the invaders toward Odesa, Russia can solve some of its logistical problems if it can secure the railhead in Odesa and the communication lines around it.