作者/Author(s): Edward Fishman 

網站來源/Source: Portfolio/Penguin Random House (New York) 

日期/Date: 2025 

關鍵字/Keywords: 經濟、制裁、美國霸權、經濟戰 


摘要：
《 Chokepoint》這本書按年月順序詳述美國將其金融和技術優勢武器化的歷史、機制和影響。作者愛德華．費希曼（Edward Fishman）是哥倫比亞大學國際公共事務學院兼任教授，曾任職於美國國務院、國防部和財政部。全書分為六個部分： 
  • 第一部分描述制裁的歷史、美國金融霸權的崛起、制裁機制的形成，以及美國早期對海珊政權、反恐戰爭和北韓使用經濟制裁的情況。 
  • 第二部分回顧美國為嚇阻伊朗核濃縮計畫所進行的制裁行動，這是真正考驗制裁效果的關鍵案例，最終促成了《聯合全面行動計畫》（JCPoA）的簽署。 
  • 第三部分詳述美國於2014年俄羅斯併吞克里米亞後，首次對一個經濟大國實施現代化的經濟制裁。 
  • 第四部分聚焦於美國透過修訂「外國直接產品規則」（Foreign Direct Product Rule, FDPR）對中國半導體產業展開的技術戰爭。 
  • 第五部分則探討美國於2022年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭後，第二次大規模經濟制裁俄羅斯的行動，例如價格上限措施的政策邏輯，備受爭議。
  • 最後一部分總結上述五個案例中美國金融和技術制裁的影響，並探討美國的對手與盟友如何試圖突破美國的制裁節點（chokepoints）。 
《Chokepoints》細節豐富，納入多位曾參與制定美國經濟制裁政策的官員觀點，推薦對美國經濟國策有興趣的人必讀。雖然該書未著重討論關稅，但暗示了在經濟戰爭與濫用經濟霸權的時代，全球經濟可能面臨的衝擊。尤其最後一章提出「不可能的三位一體」（Impossible trinity）深刻描繪了當前的全球經濟環境。費希曼指出，「經濟相互依賴」、「經濟安全」與「地緣政治競爭」這三者之中，任何兩者可同時共存，但三者絕不可能同時並存（第424頁）。 

Summary: 
Chokepoints chronologically detail the history, mechanisms, and implications of the U.S. weaponization of its financial and technological dominance. Authored by Edward Fishman, an adjunct professor at SIPA Columbia University and former U.S. State, Defense, and Treasury officer, Chokepoints comprises six parts: 
  • The first part describes the history of sanctions, the birth of the U.S. financial hegemony, the formulation of sanctions, and the early uses of U.S. economic sanctions against the Saddam regime, during the War on Terror, and on North Korea. 
  • The second part recounts the U.S. sanctioning effort against Iran to hinder its nuclear enrichment program, which is the real litmus test, and the eventual signing of the JCPoA. 
  • The third episode details the U.S. sanctions on Russia for annexing Crimea in 2014, the first modern use against an economic giant. 
  • The fourth part details the U.S. technological war against the Chinese semiconductor industry, using a revised Foreign Direct Product Rule (FDPR). 
  • The fifth part explores the second U.S. economic sanctions against Russia for invading Ukraine in 2022, including the logic of the much-criticized price cap. 
  • The last part summarizes the implications of the U.S. financial and technological sanctions from the five cases and what U.S. adversaries and allies did to break the U.S. chokepoints.  
Chokepoints is rich in detail and includes the perspectives of U.S. officials who helped devise the U.S. economic weapon, making it a must-read for U.S. economic statecraft enthusiasts. While Chokepoints does not mention tariffs much, it hints at the possible consequences for the global economy in an age of economic warfare and abuse of economic dominance. The last chapter, the "Impossible Trinity," is particularly insightful and illustrates the current global economy environment. To quote Fishman, any two of the "impossible trinity," economic interdependence, economic security, and geopolitical competition, can coexist, but not all three (p.424). 
 
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