作者/Author(s): Stacie Pettyjohn and Molly Campbell 

網站來源/Source: Breaking Defense 

日期/Date: 06/09/2025 

關鍵字/Keywords: 防禦、無人機、美國、俄羅斯 


摘要：
烏克蘭的「蜘蛛網行動」（Operation Spider Web）僅使用小型無人機便摧毀了俄羅斯約10%的轟炸機機隊。這場非傳統但值得稱讚的作戰行動，促使美軍重新思考應對小型商用無人機攻擊的準備。 
  • 「蜘蛛網行動」是烏克蘭自2023年以來對俄羅斯本土最成功且破壞力最大的一次行動。烏國事先將大量裝有炸藥的小型商用無人機走私到俄羅斯境內，並一齊攻擊停放在機場上的老舊俄羅斯轟炸機。透過精確協調、難以偵測與攔截的飛行方式，無人機在特定範圍內造成了最大損害。雖然俄軍早知道商用無人機的危險性，但他們沒有料到烏克蘭會深入本土進行滲透，因此顯得措手不及。 
  • 此行動對美國是一記警鐘，提醒美軍必須加強反無人機行動，並評估小型 FPV 無人機日益增加的威脅。對手可能會使用類似的策略來攻擊美國的軍事基地、裝置和人員。雖然美國國防部在 2016 年就發現了小型無人機的潛在危險，但其防禦系統不足以應對無人機蜂群或複合式大規模攻擊。 
  • 特別是在美國本土軍事基地周邊已數次有不明小型無人機偵察停機坪上戰機的報導情況下，更凸顯美軍保護基地免於無人機突襲的迫切性。 
  • 對抗無人機需要分層和協調的防禦系統，包括預警感應器、通訊干擾器與具備攔截功能的武器系統。 
  • 指管系統亦可引進人工智慧，以整合多層防禦，快速識別威脅並自動執行交戰程序，以加速解除威脅並將傷亡減至最低。
  • 美國可以從俄羅斯屈辱的失敗中汲取教訓，優先建立反無人機戰略。美國的「金色圓頂」（Golden Dome）可守護本土免於來自地球或太空的飛彈攻擊，但卻無法驅離境內的小型無人機。值得肯定的是，川普第二任期政府自烏國「蜘蛛網行動」後，已大幅提升反無人機基礎建設與訓練能力。 
 
Summary: 
Ukraine's Operation "Spider Web" decimated around 10% of the Russian bomber fleet using only small drones. The unconventional yet applaudable maneuver triggered the U.S. military to rethink its preparation against attacks from small commercial drones.  
  • Operation Spider Web is the most successful and damaging attack on Russian soil since 2023. It relied on a large number of small commercial drones equipped with explosives smuggled into Russian soil to attack older Russian bombers parked on the airfield. Precise coordination and difficulty detecting and intercepting the drones ensured maximum damage over a large specific area. Although the Russian military knew the dangers of commercial drones, the attacks caught it by surprise because it did not expect Ukraine to infiltrate deep into its territory. 
  • Operation Spider Web is a wake-up call for the U.S. to ramp up its counter-drone efforts and assess the increasing threat of small FPV drones. Adversaries may use similar tactics to attack U.S. military bases, installations, and personnel. Although the DoD identified the dangers of small drones in 2016, its defense systems are inadequate to address the risks of drone swarms or large, complex attacks. 
  • U.S. military bases in its territory must be protected against surprise drone barrages, especially since there have been reports of minor drone incursions around U.S. military bases observing parked aircraft. 
  • Countering drones requires layered and coordinated defensive systems involving early warning sensors, communication jammers, and drone-disabling or neutralizing weapons. 
  • The command-and-control system could incorporate AI to integrate the layered defenses, identify threats, and automate engagement processes to hasten threat neutralization and minimize casualties. 
  • The U.S. could learn from Russia's humiliating failure and prioritize counter-drone. The Golden Dome for America may protect the U.S. homeland from high-end missiles, but it cannot exorcise small drones within its borders. On a positive note, the Second Trump administration has ramped up its counter-drone infrastructure and training since Operation Spider Web.  
 
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